CAWSES-II Working (Task) Group 3: How does short-term solar variability affect the geospace environment?

Solar variations such as solar flares, energetic particle bursts, coronal mass ejections, and high-speed solar wind streams directly alter space weather on short time scales. Electromagnetic radiation drives the ionosphere, while solar particulate outputs penetrate through space, interact with the magnetosphere and upper-middle atmospheres, and even produce disturbances at Earth’s surface. A systems approach is crucial to understand and forecast space weather.